Which of the following is NOT included in non-testimonial identification?

Non-testimonial identification refers to evidence collected from individuals that does not involve verbal testimony or statements from them. It is typically physical evidence that can be collected without the individual having to testify or provide verbal consent. All options listed aside from written statements fall under this definition.

Fingerprints, saliva, and hair can be collected from a suspect without requiring them to testify or provide a narrative, fitting the criteria for non-testimonial identification. These forms of identification are often used in forensic analysis and can be critical in linking a suspect to a crime scene.

Written statements, on the other hand, involve testimony from a person, as they express the individual's thoughts or recollections in written form. This excludes them from being categorized as non-testimonial since they are inherently a form of testimony, reflecting the individual's assertions about facts or events. Therefore, this option stands out as not fitting within the definition of non-testimonial identification.